PRACA ORYGINALNA
I will study, but you must reward me first! Factor structure of students’ study reward addiction among Polish early adolescents
 
Więcej
Ukryj
1
Akademia Humanitas
 
2
Rzeszów University
 
Zaznaczeni autorzy mieli równy wkład w przygotowanie tego artykułu
 
 
Data nadesłania: 12-11-2024
 
 
Data akceptacji: 16-07-2025
 
 
Data publikacji: 17-07-2025
 
 
Autor do korespondencji
Agnieszka Muchacka-Cymerman   

Akademia Humanitas
 
 
JoMS 2025;62(2):650-670
 
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
Objectives:
The negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation are well-studied, but behavioral and mental dependency on rewards in students is less explored. The Reward Addiction Scale in the Academic Context (RASAC) is the only self-report tool for study reward addiction, originally developed for middle school Turkish students. This study aimed to validate the RASAC for Polish early adolescents and assess its consistency across gender and school stress levels.

Material and methods:
548 adolescents (aged 12-15) completed self-report measures on study reward addiction, school burnout, and social resources.

Results:
Principal components analysis indicated two possible models: a 2-factor structure with 8 items and a 3-factor structure with 9 items. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed acceptable fit for both models. The reward addiction construct includes high reward expectations (HRE) and two reinforcement effects: learning motivation reinforcement (RER) and positive school approach reinforcement (CRE). The instrument demonstrated acceptable reliability, with internal consistency exceeding 0.80 for the total score, HRE, and RER, and over 0.60 for CRE.

Conclusions:
The 2-factor structures were consistent across gender and school stress levels, though the 3-factor model requires further exploration. The RASAC-PL is a valid and reliable tool for assessing study reward addiction in Polish early adolescents, offering a valuable resource for understanding reward dependency in educational settings.
Licencja
REFERENCJE (21)
1.
Aypay, A. (2011). Elementary School Student Burnout Scale for Grades 6-8: A Study of Validity and Reliability. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice. 11(2), 520-527.
 
2.
Aypay, A. (2018). Predictive Relationships among Reward Addiction – Punishment Sensitivity and Reward Addiction – School Burnout in Middle School. Education & Science. 43(194), 43-59.
 
3.
Bhanji, J.P., Delgado, M.R. (2014). The social brain and reward: social information processing in the human striatum. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci. 5(1), 61-73.
 
4.
Chen, Z. (2023). The Influence of School’s Reward Systems on Students’ Development. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences. 8, 1822-1827.
 
5.
Chowdhury, T.G., Wallin-Miller, K.G., Rear, A.A., Park, J., Diaz, V., Simon, N.W., Moghaddam, B. (2019). Sex differences in reward – and punishment-guided actions. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 19(6), 1404-1417.
 
6.
Dhingra, I., Zhang, S., Zhornitsky, S., Wang, W., Le, T.M., Li, C.R. (2021). Sex differences in neural responses to reward and the influences of individual reward and punishment sensitivity. BMC Neurosci. 22(1), 12.
 
7.
Gray, J. A. (1982). The Neuropsychology Of Anxiety: An Enquiry Into The Functions Of The Septo-Hippocampal System. New York: Clarendon Press.
 
8.
Gray, J. A. (1987). The Psychology of Fear and Stress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 
9.
Gray, J. A., McNaughton, N. (2000). The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System. 2 Ed. Oxford Psychology Series Numer 33.
 
10.
Hodges, D. (2010). Season It With Fun!: A Year of Recognition, Fun, and Celebrations to Enliven Your School 1st Edition. Middle English. Corwin.
 
11.
Hoffman, L. L., Hutchinson, C. J., Reiss, E. (2009). On improving school climate: Reducing reliance on rewards and punishment. International Journal of Whole Schooling. 5(1), ss.13-24.
 
12.
Merchán-Clavellino, A., Alameda-Bailén, J. R., Zayas García, A., Guil, R. (2019). Mediating Effect of Trait Emotional Intelligence Between the Behavioral Activation System (BAS)/Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Positive and Negative Affect. Frontiers in psychology. 10, 424.
 
13.
Poisson, C.L., Engel, L., Saunders, B.T. (2021). Dopamine Circuit Mechanisms of Addiction-Like Behaviors. Front Neural Circuits. 15, 752420.
 
14.
Phungphai,K., Boonmoh, A. (2021). Students’ perception towards the use of rewards to enhance their learning behaviors and self-development. Journal of English Education. 7(1), 139-155.
 
15.
Sarmento, R.P., Costa, V. (2019). Confirmatory factor analysis—a case study. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.05598. (Retrieved at 2024 May 1).
 
16.
Soutschek, A., Burke, C.J., Raja Beharelle, A., Schreiber, R., Weber, S.C., Karipidis, I.I., Ten Velden, J., Weber, B., Haker, H., Kalenscher, T., Tobler, P.N. (2017). The dopaminergic reward system underpins gender differences in social preferences.
 
17.
Nat Hum Behav. 1(11), 819-827.
 
18.
Suhr, J.A., Tsanadis, J. (2007). Affect and Personality Correlates of the Iowa Gambling Task. Personality and Individual Differences. Personality and Individual Differences. 43(1), 27-36.
 
19.
Tomaszek, K., Muchacka-Cymerman, A.(2019). Polish adaptation of the ESSBS school – burnout scale: Pilot study results. Hacettepe University Journal of Education. 34(2), 418-433.
 
20.
Warthen, K.G., Boyse-Peacor, A., Jones, K.G., Sanford, B., Love, T.M., Mickey, B.J. (2020). Sex differences in the human reward system: convergent behavioral, autonomic and neural evidence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 15(7), 789-801.
 
21.
Van Beek, I., Kranenburg, I.C., Taris, T.W., Schaufeli, W.B. (2013). BIS – and BAS-activation and study outcomes: A mediation study. Personality and Individual Differences. 55(5), 474–479.
 
eISSN:2391-789X
ISSN:1734-2031
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top