The presence of different nationality students in Polish schools poses many questions. They are all related to educational effectiveness when students have no command of the Polish language and strong interiorisation of one’s own cultural patterns and codes, which often contradict those of the Polish peers. Does the Polish school understand the issue of multiculturalism and the ensuing pedagogical implications? How are Polish teachers prepared to work in multicultural conditions? Do their actions and endeavours serve cultural adaptation and inclusion of students who are cultural “strangers” into the life of the Polish society? Do Polish schools equip students representing other cultural circles with all skills necessary to actively participate in the social life here? The above questions underlie the theoretical and practical explorations that are the essence of this article. In addition to a review of theoretical approaches to the phenomenon of multiculturalism in schools, the article contains elements of own research in the field of students originating from a selection of cultures and their presence in Polish schools.